Abnormal Pap Smear Results: Potential Causes and it be a Concern

A Pap smear is a screening test that detects abnormal changes in cervical cells. Its goal is to help you and your doctor identify and treat changes early while they are still easily manageable.

But while abnormal Pap smear results garner a second look, they don’t always point to something concerning. There are many reasons why you might have gotten an abnormal result, and before you call your OB-GYN in a panic, let’s talk about what they could mean below.

Common Causes of Abnormal Pap Smear Results

Abnormal Pap smear results can stem from various non-threatening and manageable causes. The following are some of the most common reasons for abnormal results.

1. HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Infection

HPV is a common and often harmless virus. Certain strains may cause slight changes in cervical cells, leading to an abnormal Pap smear.

There are over 100 types of HPV, most of which are considered low-risk and resolve on their own without any issues. Only a small number of HPV infections have the potential to lead to higher-grade changes, which can be managed effectively with early monitoring and regular check-ups.

READ ALSO: Should my daughter get the HPV vaccine?

The vast majority of HPV cases do not lead to cancer, and routine Pap smears are an effective way to keep track of your cervical health and catch any early signs if further attention is needed.

2. Inflammation or Infection

Inflammation or infections, such as bacterial or yeast infections, can cause cell changes that result in abnormal Pap smear results. When inflamed due to an illness, cervical cells may appear altered, which can be confused with more severe changes.

Some common infections that could cause inflammation and, subsequently, an abnormal reading on a Pap smear test are:

• Bacterial vaginosis. A common infection is caused by an imbalance of natural bacteria in the vagina, which may result in cervical cell changes. This condition can often be easily treated with antibiotics, helping restore normal cell health.
• Trichomoniasis. A sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can cause irritation or inflammation, leading to changes in cervical cells. Treating trichomoniasis with medication can help prevent future complications and restore a healthy balance.
• Yeast infection. Often caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a naturally occurring fungus in the vaginal area, yeast infections may cause irritation that impacts Pap smear results. Antifungal treatments are usually effective in clearing the infection and helping return cells to normal.

When abnormal Pap smear test results result from infections or inflammation, you shouldn’t worry. Typically, once the infection or inflammation resolves, the succeeding Pap test results you get will reveal normal findings.

3. Cervical Dysplasia

Cervical dysplasia refers to abnormal but non-cancerous cell growth in the cervix. Dysplasia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe depending on how abnormal the cells appear. Mild dysplasia often resolves on its own without intervention, while moderate to severe cases typically require more careful monitoring and, in some cases, treatment to prevent progression.

Several factors can contribute to cervical dysplasia, including:

• An active HPV infection. Persistent infection with high-risk strains of HPV is the most common cause of cervical dysplasia. HPV can lead to cellular changes in the cervix, particularly if the infection remains untreated or undetected.
• Smoking. Studies show that smoking can increase the risk of cervical dysplasia, as the chemicals in tobacco may weaken immune defenses and make cervical cells more vulnerable to abnormal changes.
• Weakened immune system. Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV or those taking immunosuppressive medications, may be more susceptible to cellular changes and cervical dysplasia due to a reduced ability to clear HPV infections.
• Long-term use of birth control pills. Extended use of oral contraceptives has been associated with a slightly increased risk of cervical dysplasia in women with HPV. Consulting with a healthcare provider about the duration of birth control use may help manage this risk.

4. Hormonal Changes

Hormonal changes during pregnancy, menopause, or specific hormonal therapies can alter cervical cell appearance, leading to an abnormal Pap smear result. For instance, the hormonal shifts in pregnancy can sometimes create changes that mimic other abnormalities.

In such cases, doctors may recommend follow-up tests to assess whether the abnormalities are temporary or if further action is necessary.

When an Abnormal Result May Be a Concern

Most abnormal Pap smears do not lead to serious health issues, but certain cases require closer monitoring or intervention. Here are some conditions under which an abnormal result may warrant additional attention.

1. Persistent HIV infections. Ongoing HPV infections, especially from high-risk strains, may increase the likelihood of cervical dysplasia or cancer over time. If HPV is persistent, doctors will typically recommend further follow-ups, including a colposcopy, to examine the cervix more closely and determine if there is cause for concern.
2. Progression to high-grade abnormalities. When initial low-grade abnormalities progress to high-grade changes, closer monitoring and action may be necessary. High-grade abnormalities can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer if untreated. In such cases, a colposcopy or biopsy may be recommended to investigate further and guide treatment if needed.
3. Family or personal medical history. A family history of cervical cancer or a personal history of cervical dysplasia or high-grade abnormalities may increase the likelihood of needing closer monitoring. Your doctor may recommend a more proactive follow-up plan if your background suggests an increased risk.

Staying Proactive About Cervical Health

Regular Pap smears are one of the best tools for early detection of cervical cell changes, allowing for timely intervention and peace of mind. Abnormal results are common and often manageable, and with regular screenings, most abnormalities can be monitored or treated effectively.

Staying proactive with your cervical health by attending regular screenings and follow-ups, if needed, can significantly reduce the risk of cervical complications. Contact Roswell Ob/Gyn to schedule your Pap smear or discuss any concerns about cervical health. Our team is here to provide expert care and support every step of the way.