Cervical cancer remains one of the most preventable and treatable cancers when detected early. Regular screenings, including Pap tests and HPV testing, are essential in identifying precancerous changes before they develop into cancer.
However, many women delay or avoid screenings with their OB-GYN due to fear, lack of symptoms, busy schedules, or concerns about discomfort. While valid, these should not hinder you from understanding the importance of regular screenings in prevention.
The guide below sheds light on the important role of regular screenings and vaccinations in safeguarding your reproductive health.
Understanding Cervical Cancer and Its Risks
Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). While common, certain strains increase the risk of abnormal cell growth that may progress to cancer if left untreated.
Key Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
Prompt treatment relies on vigilant detection. You should consider setting up a regular screening schedule with your doctor if these risk factors are known to you.
- Persistent HPV infection. High-risk HPV strains, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are responsible for about 70% of cervical cancer cases. HPV is a highly prevalent virus, and while many infections clear on their own, some persist and lead to cellular changes that can become cancerous over time.
- Smoking. Tobacco use weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off HPV infections. Studies show that women who smoke are about twice as likely to develop cervical cancer compared to non-smokers. Carcinogens in tobacco damage cervical cells, increasing susceptibility to HPV-related mutations.
- Weakened immune system. Conditions such as HIV or medications that suppress immune function make it more difficult for the body to clear HPV infections. Women with compromised immunity are at a significantly higher risk of developing cervical abnormalities that can progress to cancer.
- Multiple sexual partners. Increased exposure to different HPV strains raises the risk of contracting a high-risk variant. Women with multiple sexual partners or whose partners have multiple partners have a higher likelihood of persistent HPV infections, which can lead to abnormal cell growth over time.
The Importance of Regular Cervical Cancer Screenings
Routine cervical cancer screenings play a crucial role in early detection and prevention. These tests help identify abnormal cell changes before they become cancerous, allowing timely intervention and treatment.
Pap Test: Detecting Abnormal Cell Changes
A Pap smear, or Pap test, is a simple and quick procedure where a healthcare provider gently collects cervical cells using a soft brush or spatula. The sample is then examined under a microscope to check for any abnormalities. This test can detect:
- Precancerous changes (dysplasia)
- Inflammation or infection
- Early-stage cervical cancer
Recommended Screening Frequency:
- Ages 21–29: Pap test every three years
- Ages 30–65: Pap test every three years or co-testing with HPV test every five years
- Over 65: Screening may be discontinued if past results have been normal
HPV Test: Identifying High-Risk Strains
The HPV test detects the presence of high-risk HPV strains known to cause cervical cancer. It can be performed alone or alongside a Pap test. During the procedure, a healthcare provider collects a sample of cervical cells using a soft brush or swab, similar to a Pap test. The sample is then analyzed in a laboratory to check for HPV DNA.
The test is particularly beneficial for women over 30 to determine whether they require more frequent monitoring.
What Happens If Screening Results Are Abnormal?
Receiving abnormal screening results does not necessarily mean cancer is present. Instead, it indicates that further evaluation is needed. Based on the findings, healthcare providers may recommend:
- Repeat Testing: A follow-up Pap or HPV test in a few months helps monitor cellular changes and determine if further intervention is needed. In many cases, mild abnormalities resolve on their own, making retesting an important step in avoiding unnecessary procedures.
- Colposcopy: A closer examination of the cervix using a specialized magnifying device allows doctors to inspect abnormal areas more clearly. This procedure is quick and typically performed in-office with minimal discomfort.
- Biopsy: A small tissue sample is taken for further analysis to determine if abnormal cells are precancerous or cancerous. This step helps guide the next course of action, whether continued monitoring or treatment.
- Treatment for Precancerous Cells: If needed, procedures like cryotherapy (freezing abnormal cells) or LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) can effectively remove problematic cells before they become cancerous. These treatments are minimally invasive and have a high success rate in preventing cervical cancer.
FURTHER READING: Abnormal Pap Smear Results: Potential Causes and it be a Concern
The Role of the HPV Vaccine in Prevention
HPV vaccination is a critical tool in reducing the risk of cervical cancer. The vaccine protects against the most common high-risk HPV types, preventing infection and subsequent cellular changes.
Who Needs the HPV Vaccine and When?
HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before exposure to the virus, making it particularly crucial for specific age groups and individuals at higher risk. By targeting these vulnerable groups, the vaccine significantly reduces the chances of cervical cancer development.
Key Groups Who Should Receive the HPV Vaccine:
- Preteens (Ages 11–12): The vaccine is most effective when given at this age, providing protection before potential HPV exposure. The CDC recommends two doses for maximum immunity.
- Teens and Young Adults (Ages 13–26): Those who did not receive the vaccine earlier can still benefit from a catch-up vaccination. A three-dose series may be recommended if started after age 15.
- Adults Up to Age 45: Some individuals in this age range may still benefit, particularly if they are at higher risk due to multiple partners or weakened immune systems. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended to assess eligibility.
READ MORE: Should my daughter get the HPV vaccine?
Getting vaccinated against HPV is a proactive step in preventing cervical cancer. It offers long-lasting protection and reduces the burden of future treatments. At Roswell Ob/Gyn, we make HPV vaccinations easy to access, ensuring every patient has the opportunity to protect their long-term health.
Take Control of Your Cervical Health
Cervical cancer is highly preventable, but only if caught early. Delaying or skipping screenings can allow precancerous changes to progress unnoticed. Every missed screening is a missed opportunity for early intervention—one that could make all the difference in saving lives.
At Roswell Ob/Gyn, we are committed to empowering women with the tools, resources, and compassionate care they need to take charge of their health. Our experienced professionals provide accessible, comfortable, and thorough screenings designed to detect cervical cancer in its earliest stages.
We believe that no woman should have to face uncertainty when it comes to her health, and we are here to provide the support and expertise needed to ensure peace of mind. Take the first step in prioritizing your well-being. Schedule your cervical cancer screening with Roswell Ob/Gyn today and let us help you safeguard your future.
